Eadweard Muybridge, the Father of Motion Pictures

Eadweard Muybridge (born  Edward James Muggeridge; April 9, 1830–May 8, 1904) was an English inventor and photographer. For his pioneering work in motion-sequence still photography he became known as the Father of the Motion Picture. Muybridge developed the zoopraxiscope, an early device for projecting motion pictures. Fast Facts: Eadweard Muybridge Known For: Muybridge was a pioneering artist and inventor who produced thousands of photographic motion studies of humans and animals.Also Known As: Edward James MuggeridgeBorn: April 9, 1830 in Kingston upon Thames, EnglandDied: May 8, 1904 in Kingston upon Thames, EnglandPublished Works: Animal Locomotion, Animals in Motion, The Human Figure in MotionSpouse: Flora Shallcross Stone (m. 1872-1875)Children: Florado Muybridge Early Life Eadweard Muybridge was born in 1830 in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, England. Born Edward James Muggeridge, he changed his name when he immigrated to the United States, where the majority of his work as a professional photographer and innovator occurred. After several years in New York City, Muybridge moved west and became a successful bookseller in San Francisco, California. Still Photography In 1860, he made plans to return to England on business and began the long stagecoach journey back to New York City. Along the way, Muybridge was badly injured  in a crash; he spent three months recovering in Fort Smith, Arkansas and did not reach England until 1861. There, he continued to receive medical treatment and eventually took up photography. By the time Muybridge returned to San Francisco in 1867, he was a highly skilled photographer educated in the latest photographic processes and printing techniques. He soon became famous for his panoramic landscape images, especially those of Yosemite Valley and San Francisco. In 1868, the U.S. government hired Muybridge to photograph the landscapes and native people of Alaska. The journey resulted in some of the photographers most stunning images. Subsequent commissions led Muybridge to photograph lighthouses along the West Coast and the standoff between the U.S. Army and the Modoc people in Oregon. Motion Photography In 1872, Muybridge began experimenting with motion photography when he was hired by railroad magnate Leland Stanford to prove that all four legs of a horse are off the ground at the same time while trotting. But because his cameras lacked a fast shutter, Muybridges initial experiments were not successful. Things came to a halt in 1874, when Muybridge found out that his wife might have been having an affair with a man named Major Harry Larkyns. Muybridge confronted the man, shot him, and was arrested and placed in jail. At trial, he pleaded insanity on the grounds that trauma from his head injury made it impossible for him to control his behavior. While the jury ultimately rejected this argument, they did acquit Muybridge, calling the killing a case of justifiable homicide. After the trial, Muybridge took some time off to travel through Mexico and Central America, where he developed publicity photographs for Stanfords Union Pacific Railroad. He resumed his experimentation with motion photography in 1877. Muybridge set up a battery of 24 cameras with special shutters he had developed and used a new, more sensitive photographic process that drastically reduced exposure time to take successive photos of a horse in motion. He mounted the images on a rotating disk and projected the images via a magic lantern onto a screen, thereby producing his first motion picture in 1878. The image sequence Sallie Gardner at a Gallop (also known as The Horse in Motion) was a major development in the history of motion pictures. After exhibiting the work in 1880 at the California School of Fine Arts, Muybridge went on to meet with Thomas Edison, an inventor who was, at the time, conducting his own experiments with motion pictures. Muybridge continued his research at the University  of  Pennsylvania, where he produced thousands of photographs of humans and animals in motion. These image sequences depicted a variety of activities, including farm work, household labor, military drills, and sports. Muybridge himself even posed for some photographs. In 1887, Muybridge published a massive collection of images in the book Animal Locomotion: An Electro-Photographic Investigation of Connective Phases of Animal Movements. This work contributed greatly to scientists understanding of animal biology and movement. The Magic Lantern While Muybridge developed a fast camera shutter and used other state-of-the-art techniques to make the first photographs that show sequences of movement, it was the zoopraxiscope—the magic  lantern, his pivotal invention in 1879—that allowed him to produce that first motion picture. A primitive device, the zoopraxiscope—which some considered the first movie projector—was a lantern that projected via rotating glass disks a series of images in successive phases of movement obtained through the use of multiple cameras. It was first called a zoogyroscope. Death After a long, productive period in the United States, Muybridge finally returned to England in 1894. He published two more books, Animals in Motion and The Human Figure in Motion. Muybridge eventually developed prostate cancer, and he died in Kingston upon Thames on May 8, 1904. Legacy After Muybridges death, all of his zoopraxiscope disks (as well as the zoopraxiscope itself) were bequeathed to the Kingston Museum in Kingston upon Thames. Of the known surviving disks, 67 are still in the Kingston collection, one is with the National Technical Museum in Prague, another is with Cinematheque Francaise, and several are in the Smithsonian Museum. Most of the disks are still in very good condition. Muybridges greatest legacy is perhaps his influence on other inventors and artists, including Thomas Edison (the inventor of the kinetoscope, an early motion-picture device), William Dickson (the inventor of the motion picture camera), Thomas Eakins (an artist who conducted his own photographic motion studies), and Harold Eugene Edgerton (an inventor who helped develop deep-sea photography). Muybridges work is the subject of the 1974 Thom Andersen documentary Eadweard Muybridge, Zoopraxographer, the 2010 BBC documentary The Weird World of Eadweard Muybridge, and the 2015 drama Eadweard. Sources Haas, Robert Bartlett.  Muybridge: Man in Motion. University of California Press, 1976.Solnit, Rebecca.  River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West. Penguin Books, 2010.

White Collar Crimes And Criminal Offences - 1238 Words

â€Å"Bank robbery is down by half over the last decade, check fraud has declined in recent years, and cyber crime is surging† (Scanio and Ludwig). Fraudulent activity is everywhere. It is a crime even though there are no victims. Scams, price fixing, wiring accounts, fraud of all sorts, etc are all types of white-collar crimes. Not all crimes that are committed are even performed by the Chief Financial Officer. It has become more accessible, to commit these crimes, with the mass amounts of internet and cellular towers available. While the amount of electronic devices have increased so has the amount of cybercrimes. White collar crimes are criminal offences, formed from plans to rob from companies. There have been many in the past with substantial restitution rates, but the controversy is how they rate the crime and the consequences that a specific crime comes with it. History has changed the way bank accounts secure their information and how they allow finances to settle. Ac cording to Mark Sherman, the term white-collar crime was coined in 1939 by criminologist Edwin Sutherland, who defined it as â€Å"crime in upper class which is composed of respectable, or at least respected, business, and professional men.† They categorize crimes based on patterns, how they use resources, others involved and the length of time. The criminals use other accounts to avoid loss with their own money. Most crimes are not physical, but some may become physical if they supply to the wrong source.Show MoreRelatedEssay on White Collar Crime and Corporate Crime1509 Words   |  7 PagesWhite Collar crime is not a crime unto it self, but instead a criteria that has to be met in order for a crime to be considered as White- Collar Crime; (Blount, 2002) hence the reason why Corporate Crime is also considered as White- Collar Crime. At the same time, White Collar Crime and Corporate Crime can be seen as distinct criminological categories, however, in order to reveal this, this essay will firstly be exploring Sutherlands definition of white collar crime and the perplexity with thisRead MoreThe City Of Wortropolis Faced An Economic Recession996 Words   |  4 Pagesinequality, and crime. Between 1980-2000 the crime rates significantly rose. The violent crime rate went from 5 per 100,000 to 50 per 100,000. The property crime rate went from 100 per 100,000 to 400 per 100,000. Despite the large increase in crime during the recession many of the white-collar offenders were never apprehended. The recession initially occurred due to the corporate fraud and illegal investment practices but they were not apprehended like the people who committed blue-collar crimes. 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Growth after Loss Essay Example For Students

Growth after Loss Essay Some people say that the first love is the purest and the most beautiful, and that we fall in love for the first time when we are teenagers. In many cases, however, people lose their first love. I think the reason might be teenager immaturity and a lack of experience. The first time we experience love, we do not know how to understand it. Two short stories, AP by John Updike and Araby by James Joyce, use teenage boys love as their subject. The two boys grow into an adult world through their failures in love. AP and Araby are much alike, not only in the subject, but also in the theme, the plot, and the points of view. However, the protagonist of each story shows different characteristics. For example, Sammy in AP is not as impressionable as the boy in Araby, and he takes the initiative, unlike the boy in Araby, who is passive towards his growth. The boys love in Araby is more holy than the boys love in AP, and the boy is fascinated by his love interest. The boys blind and ardent love toward Mangans sister is showed through his narration. He does not mention his name, age, appearance, or anything about him. Moreover, he does not depict minutely Mangans sister who is the object of his affection, but her figure is described in the abstract, such as her dress swung as she moved her body and the soft rope of her hair tossed from side to side'(124) and the white curve of her neck'(125). These sentences are all descriptions about her in the story. We do not know the girls exact appearance. But we can see how intensely the boy likes her and sincerely hopes to get love. In his imaginary world, he likened himself and her to a harp and fingers running upon the wires(125), and to him her name is like a summons to all his foolish blood(124). The girl becomes like Venus, the goddess of his love and the most important part in his life now. However, the girl seems be far away from him where he never can reach her. I think the boy put more emphasis on his feelings of love than on the girl, who is the concrete object of his love. Whereas the boy in Araby carried away by his feeling, Sammy in AP is more perceptive than the boy in Araby. Even though Sammy quit his job impulsively in the last of the story, he knows himself and his surroundings well than the boy in Araby. Sammy gives a full explanation about his surrounding environment and people. He is a 19-year-old boy and works at a small grocery store that is located in a small town of Boston. He describes the three girls appearances, the way when they walk in the store, manner of walking, and even the colors of swimming suits in detail. However, the explanations about the girls, customer, and his co-worker, Strokesie, are not excited, but prosy. We can see that how things in the AP are arranged and who Strokesie is through Sammys eyes and notice Sammys feelings and thoughts. He spends an insipid daily life at the small store as a cashier. He depicts customers as cash-register-watchers'(266) and the sheep pushing their carts down the aisle'(268). He is not satisfied with his job instead he looks annoyed. He seems to not want to be a manager of the small store in the small town where five miles from the beach like. Sammy is not impressionable like the boy in the Araby, but he is aware of his surrounding environment and people. His tasks are simple and repetitive, and the people in his work make him tired. The girls are attractive and catch his eye, but there are no a fervent desire of love. .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7 , .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7 .postImageUrl , .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7 , .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7:hover , .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7:visited , .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7:active { border:0!important; } .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7:active , .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7 .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uee9a83f1b772c5b0c723ef99ec5bfbe7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintaintenance EssayTwo young boys make decisions that are Sammy quit the store and the boy in Araby goes to bazaar. The decisions lead them to be frustrated and make them to grow up. The girls play an important role to make up the boys mind. The boys are forced to grow into manhood by their surroundings. However, Sammys decision is more aggressive to change his life than the boys decision in Araby. Sammy decides to quit his job when the manager embarrassed the girls, dressed in bathing suits, saying that to cover their shoulders is store policy. As Sammy mentions in the story, his decision is an attempt to draw the girls attentions as their hero. His wearisome day in the AP is another major reason that makes him want to escape from the changeless small world. He faced off against with his manager who is a friend of his parents, and is represented as the old generation. Quitting the store was an impulsive decision without deep consideration and his resignation did not win the girls favors. Finally, he realized the real world in front of him how that is cruel, but he obviously has taken a step forward to adult by making decision by himself. There is Sammys own will to change his life with quit his boring job in AP, but in Araby, the boy grows in a natural way without any exertion. The boy in Araby cares nothing for the bazaar until the Mangans sister asks him. He is determined to go to the bazaar when he is asked. His trip to the bazaar was decided by the girls hope, not of his own will. He acted passively, for example he murmured O love many times alone(125), watched his love interest secretly every morning, but he had never spoke to her(124). His trip to the bazaar was entirely for her, because he wanted to bring something to her to make her happy. He arrived at the Araby at late night because his uncle had come home late and the train going to bazaar was delayed. Most of the stalls in bazaar were already closed. There was calm and dark. While these things happened, the boy had nothing to do. He just waited and accepted it. At the end of the story when he understood his ideal and pure love that made him infatuated wit h the girl was a mistaken belief, he was frustrated and was angered at himself. He accepted again everything that was happened to him and then got new understanding. Even though his growth followed as a matter of course and was forced by his surrounding, he grew up through his experiences. John Updike and James Joyce made the boys love to fail to help their growing into real world. James Joyce didnt say the boys age but we can guess that Sammy is older than the boy in the Araby. Sammy knows his surrounding environment and what he wants or what he does not want. And he has grown up by trying to deal with his own situations in front of him actively. The boy in the Araby, however, was guided to growth without any effort to against with every thing he has been faced. He was fully influenced by his misconception with the girl and his feelings completely consumed by his feelings. The ending of these two are miserable unlike the thoughts people believe teenagers love are beautiful. Because the boys have grown up at the cost of their love, the world in front of them seems harsher, especially to the boy in Araby who is more sensitive and young.